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Reported speech




                   Direct speech                                      Indirect speech


                   Simple present                                     Simple past
                   He said, “I have breakfast every                   He said that he has breakfast every

                   morning.”                                          morning.

                   Present continuous                                 Past continuous
                   He said, “l am going home.”                        He said that he was going home.


                   Present perfect                                    Past perfect
                   I have never been to an exhibition                 Helen said that she had never been to
                   before, Helen said.                                an exhibition before.


                   Simple past                                        Past perfect
                   I bought the latest virtual reality                Joanna explained that she had bought

                   headset yesterday, Joanna explained                the latest virtual reality headset the
                                                                      day before.

                   Past perfect                                       (no change)

                   The concert had already started when               My friends told me (that) the concert
                   we arrived at the concert hall, my                 had already started when they had

                   friends told me.                                   arrived at the concert hall.

                   “will”                                             “would”
                   She said, “I will help my mom.”                    She said that she would help her mom.


                   “can”                                              “could”
                   You can talk to the social worker about  Amy told me (that) I could talk to the
                   your problem, Amy told me.                         social worker about my problem.


                   “may”                                              “might”
                    The show may overrun, the organizer               The organizer explained that the show

                   explained.                                         might overrun.

                   “must”                                             “had to”
                   "To be champions, you must work very  The coach told us (that) to be

                   hard!" the coach told us.                          champions, we had to work very hard.







 Appendix: Essential English Grammar for Primary School  Appendix: Essential English Grammar for Primary School       83








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